University of Nottingham, England.<\/span><\/p>\nAbstract<\/b><\/p>\n
The current study utilizes feminist life course theory to examine the perspectives of women who have aspired or have entered into the superintendency in the United States. Life course theory suggests that our \u201crole histories\u201d often inform our choices about careers. The role histories reflect instantaneous responses to the social cues of our external world. Consequently, it offers opportunity to understand how patterns of socialization may impact real-life decisions over career possibilities (and impossibilities) and the historical conditions in which career decisions are made. Using survey responses from current and aspiring female superintendents (n = 133), we engaged in descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. We contextualized these findings further through the four principles of life course theory, historical time and place, timing in lives, linked lives, and human agency. Our findings indicate women\u2019s perspectives on the accessibility of the superintendency have shifted as narratives around women\u2019s executive leadership roles have also changed. Importantly, the women in this study view accessibility to the superintendency as a largely contingent decision \u2013 a strategic, individual-level assessment focusing on the favorability of district work conditions to their success as leaders. Simultaneously, we see where issues of social networking, leadership \u201ctapping,\u201d and district \u201cfit\u201d emerge as normative expectations for accessing leadership roles as well as the preferred conditions upon which such choices are made. This reflects an encouraging perspective shift in which women are focusing less on \u201cfeasibility\u201d than on \u201cfit.\u201d We conclude by offering recommendations for practice.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||0px|||”]<\/p>\n
<\/span><\/p>\nBadaracco, J. L., Jr. (1997).\u00a0Defining moments: When managers must choose between right and right<\/i>. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.<\/span><\/p>\nBennis, W. G., & Thomas, R. J. (2002).\u00a0Geeks & geezers: How era, values, and defining moments shape leaders<\/i>. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.<\/span><\/p>\nBolman, L. G. & Deal, T. E. (2008).\u00a0Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice and\u00a0leadership.<\/i>San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.<\/span><\/p>\nBurns, J. M. (1978).\u00a0Leadership<\/i>. New York: Harper & Row.<\/span><\/p>\nCameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (2003). Foundations of Positive Organizational Scholarship.\u00a0 In Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (Eds.),\u00a0Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline<\/i>\u00a0(pp. 3-13). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.<\/span><\/p>\nCarver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (2003). Three human strengths. In L. G. Aspinwall & U. M. Staudinger (Eds.),\u00a0A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology<\/i>\u00a0(pp. 87-102). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc.<\/span><\/p>\nCollins, J. C. (2001).\u00a0Good to great: Why some companies make the leap–and others don’t<\/i>. New York: Harper Business.<\/span><\/p>\nCottrell, D. (2007).\u00a0Monday morning leadership: 8 mentoring sessions you can\u2019t afford to miss.\u00a0<\/i>Dallas, TX: CornerStone Leadership.<\/span><\/p>\nCsikszentmihalyi, M. (1990).\u00a0Flow: The psychology of optimal experience<\/i>. New York: Harper & Row.<\/span><\/p>\nDavidson, J. & Dreher, H. (2003).\u00a0The anxiety book:<\/i>\u00a0Developing strength in the face of fear.<\/i>New York: Riverhead Books.<\/span><\/p>\nEmmons, R. (2007).\u00a0Thanks! How the new science of gratitude can make you happier.<\/i>\u00a0Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.<\/span><\/p>\nFullan, M. (2001).\u00a0The new meaning of educational change<\/i>\u00a0(3rd<\/sup>\u00a0ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.<\/span><\/p>\nGoens, G. A. (2005).\u00a0Soft leadership for hard times<\/i>. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Education.<\/span><\/p>\nGoleman, D. (1995).\u00a0Emotional intelligence<\/i>. New York: Bantam Books.<\/span><\/p>\nHeifetz, R. A. (1994).\u00a0Leadership without easy answers<\/i>. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.<\/span><\/p>\nHouston, P. D., Blankstein, A. M., & Cole, R. W. (Eds.). (2008).\u00a0Spirituality in educational leadership.<\/i>\u00a0Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.<\/span><\/p>\nHouston, P. D. & Sokolow, S. L. (2006).\u00a0The spiritual dimension of leadership: 8 key \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 principles to leading more effectively.\u00a0<\/i>Thousands Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.<\/span><\/p>\nJazzar, M. & Kimball, D. P. (2004). Lonely at the top.\u00a0The New Superintendent Journal, 61,<\/i>(2), 42-44.\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nLuthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths for performance improvement.\u00a0Academy of Management Executive, 16,<\/i>\u00a057-75.<\/span><\/p>\nMayer, J.D., Salovey, P. & Caruso, D. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. In R. J.\u00a0 Sternberg (Ed.).\u00a0The handbook of intelligence\u00a0<\/i>(pp. 396-420). New York: Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/p>\nMoyer, D. (2009). Is experience enough? [Special issue].\u00a0Harvard Business Review, 120<\/i>(1).<\/span><\/p>\nPascale, R. T., Milleman, M. & Gioja, L. (2000).\u00a0Surfing the edge of chaos<\/i>. New York: Three Rivers Press.<\/span><\/p>\nPatterson, J. (2000).\u00a0The anguish of leadership<\/i>. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators.<\/span><\/p>\nPatterson, J. L. & Kelleher, P. (2005).\u00a0Resilient school leaders: Strategies for turning adversity into achievement.\u00a0<\/i>Alexandria. Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development<\/span><\/p>\nPatterson, J. L., Goens, G. A., & Reed, D. E. (2008). Joy & resilience: Strange bedfellows.School Administrator. 65<\/i>(11), 28-29.<\/span><\/p>\nPatterson, J., Patterson, J., Reed, D. & Riddle, L. (2008).\u00a0\u00a0Leadership resilience profile:\u00a0 A technical<\/i><\/span>Badaracco, J. L., Jr. (1997).\u00a0<\/span>Defining moments: When managers must choose between right and right<\/i>. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.<\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n
\n
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Bennis, W. G., & Thomas, R. J. (2002).\u00a0Geeks & geezers: How era, values, and defining moments shape leaders<\/i>. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.<\/span><\/p>\nBolman, L. G. & Deal, T. E. (2008).\u00a0Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice and\u00a0leadership.<\/i>San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.<\/span><\/p>\nBurns, J. M. (1978).\u00a0Leadership<\/i>. New York: Harper & Row.<\/span><\/p>\nCameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (2003). Foundations of Positive Organizational Scholarship.\u00a0 In Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (Eds.),\u00a0Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline<\/i>\u00a0(pp. 3-13). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.<\/span><\/p>\nCarver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (2003). Three human strengths. In L. G. Aspinwall & U. M. Staudinger (Eds.),\u00a0A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology<\/i>\u00a0(pp. 87-102). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc.<\/span><\/p>\nCollins, J. C. (2001).\u00a0Good to great: Why some companies make the leap–and others don’t<\/i>. New York: Harper Business.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default”]<\/p>\n
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Cottrell, D. (2007).\u00a0Monday morning leadership: 8 mentoring sessions you can\u2019t afford to miss.\u00a0<\/i>Dallas, TX: CornerStone Leadership.<\/span><\/p>\nCsikszentmihalyi, M. (1990).\u00a0Flow: The psychology of optimal experience<\/i>. New York: Harper & Row.<\/span><\/p>\nDavidson, J. & Dreher, H. (2003).\u00a0The anxiety book:<\/i>\u00a0Developing strength in the face of fear.<\/i>New York: Riverhead Books.<\/span><\/p>\nEmmons, R. (2007).\u00a0Thanks! How the new science of gratitude can make you happier.<\/i>\u00a0Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.<\/span><\/p>\nFullan, M. (2001).\u00a0The new meaning of educational change<\/i>\u00a0(3rd<\/span>\u00a0ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.<\/span><\/p>\nGoens, G. A. (2005).\u00a0Soft leadership for hard times<\/i>. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Education.<\/span><\/p>\nGoleman, D. (1995).\u00a0Emotional intelligence<\/i>. New York: Bantam Books.<\/span><\/p>\nHeifetz, R. A. (1994).\u00a0Leadership without easy answers<\/i>. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.<\/span><\/p>\nHouston, P. D., Blankstein, A. M., & Cole, R. W. (Eds.). (2008).\u00a0Spirituality in educational leadership.<\/i>\u00a0Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.<\/span><\/p>\nHouston, P. D. & Sokolow, S. L. (2006).\u00a0The spiritual dimension of leadership: 8 key \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 principles to leading more effectively.\u00a0<\/i>Thousands Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.<\/span><\/p>\nJazzar, M. & Kimball, D. P. (2004). Lonely at the top.\u00a0The New Superintendent Journal, 61,<\/i>(2), 42-44.\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nLuthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths for performance improvement.\u00a0Academy of Management Executive, 16,<\/i>\u00a057-75.<\/span><\/p>\nMayer, J.D., Salovey, P. & Caruso, D. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. In R. J.\u00a0 Sternberg (Ed.).\u00a0The handbook of intelligence\u00a0<\/i>(pp. 396-420). New York: Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/p>\nMoyer, D. (2009). Is experience enough? [Special issue].\u00a0Harvard Business Review, 120<\/i>(1).<\/span><\/p>\nPascale, R. T., Milleman, M. & Gioja, L. (2000).\u00a0Surfing the edge of chaos<\/i>. New York: Three Rivers Press.<\/span><\/p>\nPatterson, J. (2000).\u00a0The anguish of leadership<\/i>. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators.<\/span><\/p>\nPatterson, J. L. & Kelleher, P. (2005).\u00a0Resilient school leaders: Strategies for turning adversity into achievement.\u00a0<\/i>Alexandria. Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development<\/span><\/p>\nPatterson, J. L., Goens, G. A., & Reed, D. E. (2008). Joy & resilience: Strange bedfellows.School Administrator. 65<\/i>(11), 28-29.<\/span><\/p>\nPatterson, J., Patterson, J., Reed, D. & Riddle, L. (2008).\u00a0\u00a0Leadership resilience profile:\u00a0 A technical supplement.<\/i>\u00a0 Unpublished manuscript.\u00a0 University of Alabama-Birmingham.<\/span><\/p>\nPearsall, P. (2003).\u00a0The Beethoven factor: The new positive psychology hardiness, happiness, healing and hope<\/i>. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads Publishing Company, Inc.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u00a0supplement.<\/i>\u00a0 Unpublished manuscript.\u00a0 University of Alabama-Birmingham.<\/span><\/p>\nPearsall, P. (2003).\u00a0The Beethoven factor: The new positive psychology hardiness, happiness, healing and hope<\/i>. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads Publishing Company, Inc.<\/span><\/p>\nPeterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004).\u00a0Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification<\/i>. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.<\/span><\/p>\nReivich, K., & Shatte, A. (2002). The resilience factor: 7 essential skills for overcoming life\u2019s inevitable obstacles. New York: Broadway Books.<\/span><\/p>\nSchilling, E. F. (2008). Use emotional intelligence to improve your work.\u00a0Women in Higher Education,<\/i>\u00a017<\/i>(6), 19-20.<\/span><\/p>\nSchulman, P. (1999). Applying learned optimism to increase sales productivity.\u00a0Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 19<\/i>, 31-37.<\/span><\/p>\nSeligman, M. E. P. (1991).\u00a0Learned optimism<\/i>. New York: Knopf.<\/span><\/p>\nStone, F. M. (2007).\u00a0Coaching, counseling & mentoring: How to choose & reuse the right technique to boost employee performance\u00a0<\/i>(2nd<\/sup>\u00a0ed.). New York: American Management Association.<\/span><\/p>\nTice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling.\u00a0Psychological Science, 8<\/i>(6), 454-458.<\/span><\/p>\nTichy, N. M., & Bennis, W. G. (2007).\u00a0Judgment: How winning leaders make great calls<\/i>. New York: Portfolio.<\/span><\/p>\nTolle, E. (2005).\u00a0A new earth: Awakening to your life\u2019s purpose.<\/i>\u00a0New York: Penguin Group.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nWheatley, M. J. (2005).\u00a0Finding our way:\u00a0 Leadership for an uncertain time. \u00a0<\/i>San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.<\/span><\/p>\nWheatley, M. J., & Kellner-Rogers, M. (1996).\u00a0A simpler way<\/i>. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.<\/span><\/p>\nWheatley, M. (1999).\u00a0Leadership and the new science<\/i>. San Francisco: Barrett-Koehler Publishers.<\/span><\/p>\nWhyte, D. (2001).\u00a0Crossing the unknown sea: Work as a pilgrimage of identity<\/i>. New York: Riverhead Books.<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” column_structure=”2_5,3_5″][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” type=”2_5″][et_pb_blurb title=”The Book” image=”https:\/\/theresilientleader.com\/leadership\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/book.png” alt=”Resilient Leadership for Turbulent Times” _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”|800|||||||” header_text_align=”center” header_text_color=”#0C71C3″ hover_enabled=”0″ global_module=”199″ url_new_window=”on” url=”https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Resilient-Leadership-Turbulent-Times-Adversity\/dp\/1607095343″ sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” type=”3_5″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” text_font_size=”19px” text_letter_spacing=”6px” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
In this book, Patterson, Goens, and Reed draw upon resilience research and best practices to answer the question: ‘How can leaders move ahead in the face of adversity?’ This book benefits leaders who have confronted adversity in the past, struggle with adversity right now, or will likely encounter setbacks in the future. Leaders find concrete, how-to strategies for strengthening leadership skills in turbulent times in every chapter. Resilient Leadership for Turbulent Times aims to help leaders thrive in the face of adversity with the inclusion of the Leader Resilience Profile’ (LRP)_an instrument developed by Patterson and others to measure a leader’s resilience in twelve categories. Readers are invited to complete the LRP and then apply the strategies outlined in each chapter to strengthen their leader resilience.<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Reed, D. & Reedman, A., (2020, October\/Volume Five) Reactivity and Adaptability: Applying Gender and Age Assessment to the Leader Resilience Profile\u00ae. Frontiers in Education Journal. University of Nottingham, England. Abstract The current study utilizes feminist life course theory to examine the perspectives of women who have aspired or have entered into the superintendency in the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"Reed, D. & Reedman, A., (2020, October\/Volume Five) Reactivity and Adaptability: Applying Gender and Age Assessment to the Leader Resilience Profile\u00ae<\/a>. <\/span>Frontiers in Education Journal. <\/span><\/i>University of Nottingham, England.<\/span>\n\nAbstract<\/b>\n\nThe current study utilizes feminist life course theory to examine the perspectives of women who have aspired or have entered into the superintendency in the United States. Life course theory suggests that our \u201crole histories\u201d often inform our choices about careers. The role histories reflect instantaneous responses to the social cues of our external world. Consequently, it offers opportunity to understand how patterns of socialization may impact real-life decisions over career possibilities (and impossibilities) and the historical conditions in which career decisions are made. Using survey responses from current and aspiring female superintendents (<\/span>n<\/span><\/i> = 133), we engaged in descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. We contextualized these findings further through the four principles of life course theory, historical time and place, timing in lives, linked lives, and human agency. Our findings indicate women\u2019s perspectives on the accessibility of the superintendency have shifted as narratives around women\u2019s executive leadership roles have also changed. Importantly, the women in this study view accessibility to the superintendency as a largely contingent decision \u2013 a strategic, individual-level assessment focusing on the favorability of district work conditions to their success as leaders. Simultaneously, we see where issues of social networking, leadership \u201ctapping,\u201d and district \u201cfit\u201d emerge as normative expectations for accessing leadership roles as well as the preferred conditions upon which such choices are made. This reflects an encouraging perspective shift in which women are focusing less on \u201cfeasibility\u201d than on \u201cfit.\u201d We conclude by offering recommendations for practice.<\/span>\n\nBadaracco, J. L., Jr. (1997). Defining moments: When managers must choose between right and right<\/i>. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.<\/span>\n\nBennis, W. G., & Thomas, R. J. (2002). Geeks & geezers: How era, values, and defining moments shape leaders<\/i>. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.<\/span>\n\nBolman, L. G. & Deal, T. E. (2008). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice and leadership.<\/i>San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.<\/span>\n\nBurns, J. M. (1978). Leadership<\/i>. New York: Harper & Row.<\/span>\n\nCameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (2003). Foundations of Positive Organizational Scholarship. In Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline<\/i> (pp. 3-13). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.<\/span>\n\nCarver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (2003). Three human strengths. In L. G. Aspinwall & U. M. Staudinger (Eds.), A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology<\/i> (pp. 87-102). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc.<\/span>\n\nCollins, J. C. (2001). Good to great: Why some companies make the leap--and others don't<\/i>. New York: Harper Business.<\/span>\n\nCottrell, D. (2007). Monday morning leadership: 8 mentoring sessions you can\u2019t afford to miss. <\/i>Dallas, TX: CornerStone Leadership.<\/span>\n\nCsikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience<\/i>. New York: Harper & Row.<\/span>\n\nDavidson, J. & Dreher, H. (2003). The anxiety book:<\/i> Developing strength in the face of fear.<\/i>New York: Riverhead Books.<\/span>\n\nEmmons, R. (2007). Thanks! How the new science of gratitude can make you happier.<\/i> Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.<\/span>\n\nFullan, M. (2001). The new meaning of educational change<\/i> (3rd<\/sup> ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.<\/span>\n\nGoens, G. A. (2005). Soft leadership for hard times<\/i>. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Education.<\/span>\n\nGoleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence<\/i>. New York: Bantam Books.<\/span>\n\nHeifetz, R. A. (1994). Leadership without easy answers<\/i>. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.<\/span>\n\nHouston, P. D., Blankstein, A. M., & Cole, R. W. (Eds.). (2008). Spirituality in educational leadership.<\/i> Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.<\/span>\n\nHouston, P. D. & Sokolow, S. L. (2006). The spiritual dimension of leadership: 8 key principles to leading more effectively. <\/i>Thousands Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.<\/span>\n\nJazzar, M. & Kimball, D. P. (2004). Lonely at the top. The New Superintendent Journal, 61,<\/i>(2), 42-44. <\/i> <\/span>\n\nLuthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths for performance improvement. Academy of Management Executive, 16,<\/i> 57-75.<\/span>\n\nMayer, J.D., Salovey, P. & Caruso, D. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.). The handbook of intelligence <\/i>(pp. 396-420). New York: Cambridge University Press.<\/span>\n\nMoyer, D. (2009). Is experience enough? [Special issue]. Harvard Business Review, 120<\/i>(1).<\/span>\n\nPascale, R. T., Milleman, M. & Gioja, L. (2000). Surfing the edge of chaos<\/i>. New York: Three Rivers Press.<\/span>\n\nPatterson, J. (2000). The anguish of leadership<\/i>. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators.<\/span>\n\nPatterson, J. L. & Kelleher, P. (2005). Resilient school leaders: Strategies for turning adversity into achievement. <\/i>Alexandria. Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development<\/span>\n\nPatterson, J. L., Goens, G. A., & Reed, D. E. (2008). Joy & resilience: Strange bedfellows.School Administrator. 65<\/i>(11), 28-29.<\/span>\n\nPatterson, J., Patterson, J., Reed, D. & Riddle, L. (2008). Leadership resilience profile: A technical supplement.<\/i> Unpublished manuscript. University of Alabama-Birmingham.<\/span>\n\nPearsall, P. (2003). The Beethoven factor: The new positive psychology hardiness, happiness, healing and hope<\/i>. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads Publishing Company, Inc.<\/span>\n\nPeterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification<\/i>. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.<\/span>\n\nReivich, K., & Shatte, A. (2002). The resilience factor: 7 essential skills for overcoming life\u2019s inevitable obstacles. New York: Broadway Books.<\/span>\n\nSchilling, E. F. (2008). Use emotional intelligence to improve your work. Women in Higher Education,<\/i> 17<\/i>(6), 19-20.<\/span>\n\nSchulman, P. (1999). Applying learned optimism to increase sales productivity. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 19<\/i>, 31-37.<\/span>\n\nSeligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned optimism<\/i>. New York: Knopf.<\/span>\n\nStone, F. M. (2007). Coaching, counseling & mentoring: How to choose & reuse the right technique to boost employee performance <\/i>(2nd<\/sup> ed.). New York: American Management Association.<\/span>\n\nTice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8<\/i>(6), 454-458.<\/span>\n\nTichy, N. M., & Bennis, W. G. (2007).